3D printed 2D materials for tissue engineering applications

The field of tissue engineering has witnessed significant progress with the emergence of three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies. The ability to fabricate precise structures with complex geometries combined with the integration of two-dimensional (2D) materials, including graphene, graphene oxide, and transition metal dichalcogenides, has provided novel opportunities. This integration enables the fabrication of functional structures with tailored properties, leveraging the exceptional mechanical, electrical, and chemical characteristics of these materials, in conjunction with the design flexibility offered by 3D printing. Herein, we review the recent advancements in the selection of appropriate 2D materials, diverse 3D printing methods employed for integration, and characterization techniques used to evaluate the performance of the resulting constructs. The successful integration of 3D printing and 2D materials holds immense potential for advancing tissue engineering and paving the way for personalized medicine, regenerative therapies, and point-of-care diagnostics.