A review of biosensing technologies for emerging detection: sensitivity, selectivity and accuracy comparison

Purpose – This review explores the advancement of biosensing technologies for emerging infectious disease detection, with an emphasis on COVID-19 pandemic. It aims to highlight the importance of sensitivity, selectivity and rapid diagnostic response in current and future healthcare challenges. Design/methodology/approach – A comprehensive literature review was conducted on various specimen types, molecular diagnostic tools (RT-qPCR, ddPCR, CRISPR, RT-LAMP) and biosensor platforms such as electrochemical sensors, field-effect transistors (FET) and interdigitated electrode (IDE)-based systems. Each method was analyzed and compared in terms of detection limit, speed, specificity and real-world applicability. Findings – Biosensor-based diagnostics, particularly those using electrochemical and FET methods, provide rapid and accurate results, making them suitable for point-of-care applications. IDE-based sensors further enhance sensitivity and allow label-free, real-time monitoring. These innovations offer reliable solutions for early disease detection, especially in decentralized or resource-limited settings. Originality/value – This review integrates diverse diagnostic technologies into a unified framework, emphasizing the unique role of IDE-based electrical biosensors. By providing comparative insights and real-world performance evaluations, it contributes to the strategic development of next-generation diagnostic platforms for pandemic preparedness.