A systematic literature review on waqf governance: stakeholder analysis

Purpose – This study aims to systematically review the literature on waqf governance, with a particular focus on stakeholder analysis. It identified gaps in governance practices, evaluate stakeholder engagement and propose frameworks to enhance transparency, accountability and sustainability of waqf institutions. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis used a systematic literature review methodology, using a mixed-methods approach. Articles published between 2010 and 2024 were retrieved from the Scopus and Web of Science databases, correlating with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. This study incorporated biblioshiny R analysis and interpretative content review to evaluate themes, methodologies and results across the selected publications. Findings – This study showed a growing academic interest in waqf governance, particularly in the areas of stakeholder engagement and innovative governance models. The thematic analysis identified three dominant themes, namely, stakeholder identification and classification, stakeholder roles and governance dynamics and challenges within regulatory and institutional frameworks. Sub-themes included trustee accountability, regulatory fragmentation, participatory models and digital innovation in waqf administration. Practical implications – This study offered actionable insights for policymakers, waqf managers and regulators by emphasizing stakeholder engagement and sustainability. It recommended adopting technological innovations and integrated financial models to overcome governance challenges and enhance the social and economic impact of waqf institutions. Originality/value – This study bridges theory and practice in waqf governance by categorizing stakeholders into key players, context setters, subjects and the crowd. It offers nuanced insights into their roles and links waqf practices with global sustainability goals, extending its relevance beyond Islamic-majority regions.