Adaptive Game-Based Learning (AGBL) Model: Enhancing Motivation and Engagement through a Financial Literacy Game Prototype

This study addresses the need for innovative educational methods, focusing on Adaptive Game-Based Learning (AGBL) to support financial literacy in developing countries, such as Indonesia’s secondary schools. As Game-Based Learning (GBL) gains recognition for fostering interactive participation and enhancing motivation, this research develops and tests a tailored financial literacy game prototype for diverse student backgrounds. The AGBL model extends the Dynamical Model for Gamification of Learning (DMGL) by incorporating adaptive game mechanics and the Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction (ARCS) motivational framework (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction), thus addressing the DMGL’s lack of measurable learning outcomes. Using the Delphi method, expert insights were collected to determine design criteria and evaluation metrics, facilitating consensus on effective GBL elements. The game prototype was tested with 63 students, examining motivation, engagement, and learning outcomes. Findings reveal that adaptive educational games can significantly increase motivation, deepen learning, and improve long-term retention of financial literacy concepts. This study highlights the importance of personalized, adaptable educational tools, showing how these can be applied across different educational themes, especially in diverse and developing education systems like Indonesia’s, to boost student engagement and educational outcomes.