An application of partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to analyze the factors contributing to the decline in Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P.C. Silva, 1996 seaweed production in the Kepulauan Seribu, Indonesia

Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P.C.Silva, 1996 is one type of seaweed that is most widely cultivated in Indonesia due to its relatively easy cultivation methods, with a harvest period of only 45 days and profitability. However, in recent years, the production of seaweed has continued to decline. This research aims to analyze the factors causing the decline in seaweed production in the Kepulauan Seribu, including environmental factors consisting of physical, chemical, and biological parameters, as well as human resources, seaweed characteristics, and technology. The analysis is conducted using the Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method with SmartPLS version 4.10.8 software. The results of the total effect analysis of Chemical parameters on production show a strong negative influence of 54.3%, although it is not significant. The total effect of Human resources factors on production demonstrates a strong influence of 46.9% and is significant. The results of the effect size analysis of Chemical parameters and Human resources factors are both strong and significant. Technological factors show a moderate influence of 17.7% and are significant, while the effect size has a moderate influence but is not significant. The total effect size of Seaweed Factors on production is very small, at 0.89%, and this effect size is also insignificant. The results of this analysis can be used as a basis for developing strategies and policies to improve environmental conditions to support the successful cultivation of seaweed.