An Optimal Design of Virtual Inertia Controller in Various Energy Storage for Improving Power System Stability under Fluctuating Renewable Energies

Mohamad Almas Prakasa; M. Taufik Imam Hidayat; Faizal Dian Pramudhita; M. Afif Al Irsad; Muhammad Ruswandi Djalal; Waseda Himawari; Nien Che Yang; Imam Robandi

doi:10.22266/ijies2025.1031.30

An Optimal Design of Virtual Inertia Controller in Various Energy Storage for Improving Power System Stability under Fluctuating Renewable Energies

Mohamad Almas Prakasa
, M. Taufik Imam Hidayat
, Faizal Dian Pramudhita
, M. Afif Al Irsad
, Muhammad Ruswandi Djalal
, Waseda Himawari
, Nien Che Yang
, Imam Robandi^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Department of Electrical Engineering
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Ujung Pandang State Polytechnic
Department of Electronic Engineering
National Taiwan University of Science and Technology

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

2 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

This paper proposes a modified design of Virtual Inertia Controller (VIC), accommodating more representative integration with Energy Storage (ES) and Renewable Energy (RE) for precise VI emulation based on the fluctuating RE. A comparison of various ES with different power and energy densities for supporting VIC, featuring Battery ES (BES), Capacitor ES (CES), and Superconducting Magnetic ES (SMES), is demonstrated. To ensure scalability, the modified VIC for various ES is optimized using Harris Hawk Optimization with Memory Saving Strategy (HHO-MSS) to follow the damping ratio of the grid code. HHO-MSS is 5.92% to 10.95% better than Chameleon Swarm Algorithm, Orangutan Optimization Algorithm, and Komodo Mlipir Algorithm. The modified VIC is 17.21% to 24.62% better than the basic VIC in enhancing frequency nadir and rate of change of frequency, and reducing electrical power losses. For fluctuating RE, BES with energy density advantage is better than SMES and CES for supporting VIC.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	462-476
Number of pages	15
Journal	International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems
Volume	18
Issue number	9
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.22266/ijies2025.1031.30
Publication status	Published - 2025

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 7 Affordable and Clean Energy

Keywords

Battery energy storage
Capacitor energy storage
Renewable energy
Stability
Superconducting magnetic energy storage
Virtual inertia controller

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10.22266/ijies2025.1031.30

Cite this

Prakasa, M. A., Taufik Imam Hidayat, M., Pramudhita, F. D., Afif Al Irsad, M., Djalal, M. R., Himawari, W., Yang, N. C., & Robandi, I. (2025). An Optimal Design of Virtual Inertia Controller in Various Energy Storage for Improving Power System Stability under Fluctuating Renewable Energies. International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, 18(9), 462-476. https://doi.org/10.22266/ijies2025.1031.30

@article{33cd516c8b3242538f63dca3348f30d6,

title = "An Optimal Design of Virtual Inertia Controller in Various Energy Storage for Improving Power System Stability under Fluctuating Renewable Energies",

abstract = "This paper proposes a modified design of Virtual Inertia Controller (VIC), accommodating more representative integration with Energy Storage (ES) and Renewable Energy (RE) for precise VI emulation based on the fluctuating RE. A comparison of various ES with different power and energy densities for supporting VIC, featuring Battery ES (BES), Capacitor ES (CES), and Superconducting Magnetic ES (SMES), is demonstrated. To ensure scalability, the modified VIC for various ES is optimized using Harris Hawk Optimization with Memory Saving Strategy (HHO-MSS) to follow the damping ratio of the grid code. HHO-MSS is 5.92\% to 10.95\% better than Chameleon Swarm Algorithm, Orangutan Optimization Algorithm, and Komodo Mlipir Algorithm. The modified VIC is 17.21\% to 24.62\% better than the basic VIC in enhancing frequency nadir and rate of change of frequency, and reducing electrical power losses. For fluctuating RE, BES with energy density advantage is better than SMES and CES for supporting VIC.",

keywords = "Battery energy storage, Capacitor energy storage, Renewable energy, Stability, Superconducting magnetic energy storage, Virtual inertia controller",

author = "Prakasa, \{Mohamad Almas\} and \{Taufik Imam Hidayat\}, M. and Pramudhita, \{Faizal Dian\} and \{Afif Al Irsad\}, M. and Djalal, \{Muhammad Ruswandi\} and Waseda Himawari and Yang, \{Nien Che\} and Imam Robandi",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. License details: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",

year = "2025",

doi = "10.22266/ijies2025.1031.30",

language = "English",

volume = "18",

pages = "462--476",

journal = "International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems",

issn = "2185-310X",

publisher = "Intelligent Network and Systems Society",

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Prakasa, MA, Taufik Imam Hidayat, M, Pramudhita, FD, Afif Al Irsad, M, Djalal, MR, Himawari, W, Yang, NC & Robandi, I 2025, 'An Optimal Design of Virtual Inertia Controller in Various Energy Storage for Improving Power System Stability under Fluctuating Renewable Energies', International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 462-476. https://doi.org/10.22266/ijies2025.1031.30

An Optimal Design of Virtual Inertia Controller in Various Energy Storage for Improving Power System Stability under Fluctuating Renewable Energies. / Prakasa, Mohamad Almas; Taufik Imam Hidayat, M.; Pramudhita, Faizal Dian et al.
In: International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, Vol. 18, No. 9, 2025, p. 462-476.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - An Optimal Design of Virtual Inertia Controller in Various Energy Storage for Improving Power System Stability under Fluctuating Renewable Energies

AU - Prakasa, Mohamad Almas

AU - Taufik Imam Hidayat, M.

AU - Pramudhita, Faizal Dian

AU - Afif Al Irsad, M.

AU - Djalal, Muhammad Ruswandi

AU - Himawari, Waseda

AU - Yang, Nien Che

AU - Robandi, Imam

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. License details: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

PY - 2025

Y1 - 2025

N2 - This paper proposes a modified design of Virtual Inertia Controller (VIC), accommodating more representative integration with Energy Storage (ES) and Renewable Energy (RE) for precise VI emulation based on the fluctuating RE. A comparison of various ES with different power and energy densities for supporting VIC, featuring Battery ES (BES), Capacitor ES (CES), and Superconducting Magnetic ES (SMES), is demonstrated. To ensure scalability, the modified VIC for various ES is optimized using Harris Hawk Optimization with Memory Saving Strategy (HHO-MSS) to follow the damping ratio of the grid code. HHO-MSS is 5.92% to 10.95% better than Chameleon Swarm Algorithm, Orangutan Optimization Algorithm, and Komodo Mlipir Algorithm. The modified VIC is 17.21% to 24.62% better than the basic VIC in enhancing frequency nadir and rate of change of frequency, and reducing electrical power losses. For fluctuating RE, BES with energy density advantage is better than SMES and CES for supporting VIC.

AB - This paper proposes a modified design of Virtual Inertia Controller (VIC), accommodating more representative integration with Energy Storage (ES) and Renewable Energy (RE) for precise VI emulation based on the fluctuating RE. A comparison of various ES with different power and energy densities for supporting VIC, featuring Battery ES (BES), Capacitor ES (CES), and Superconducting Magnetic ES (SMES), is demonstrated. To ensure scalability, the modified VIC for various ES is optimized using Harris Hawk Optimization with Memory Saving Strategy (HHO-MSS) to follow the damping ratio of the grid code. HHO-MSS is 5.92% to 10.95% better than Chameleon Swarm Algorithm, Orangutan Optimization Algorithm, and Komodo Mlipir Algorithm. The modified VIC is 17.21% to 24.62% better than the basic VIC in enhancing frequency nadir and rate of change of frequency, and reducing electrical power losses. For fluctuating RE, BES with energy density advantage is better than SMES and CES for supporting VIC.

KW - Battery energy storage

KW - Capacitor energy storage

KW - Renewable energy

KW - Stability

KW - Superconducting magnetic energy storage

KW - Virtual inertia controller

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105018478925

U2 - 10.22266/ijies2025.1031.30

DO - 10.22266/ijies2025.1031.30

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105018478925

SN - 2185-310X

VL - 18

SP - 462

EP - 476

JO - International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems

JF - International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems

IS - 9

ER -

An Optimal Design of Virtual Inertia Controller in Various Energy Storage for Improving Power System Stability under Fluctuating Renewable Energies

Abstract

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Keywords

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