Assessing the Impact of Population Density and Land Use on Land Surface Temperature for Sustainable Urban Planning in Malang City, Indonesia

In response to the growing concern over urban heat islands and their impact on city environments and public health, this study investigates the dynamics of population density, land use, and land surface temperature (LST) in Malang City, Indonesia. Urban expansion has significantly altered the city's thermal profile, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between human activities and environmental responses. Despite substantial research, there remains a gap in specific regional studies that correlate these factors with urban planning strategies to mitigate adverse effects. The objective of this research is to analyze how urban density and land use patterns influence LST, thereby informing sustainable urban development policies. Employing GIS-based spatial analysis and satellite imagery, this study maps the distribution of LST across varying densities and land use types in Malang City. Results indicate that areas with higher population densities and significant conversion of green spaces to build environments exhibit higher LSTs, particularly in the city center where the urban heat island effect is most pronounced. This study concludes that integrating green infrastructure and optimizing land use are crucial strategies to reduce LST and improve urban climate resilience. These findings provide actionable insights for urban planners and policymakers aiming to enhance the sustainability and livability of urban settings, thus contributing to broader efforts to address climate change impacts in rapidly urbanizing regions.