Characterization of landfill-mined materials as a waste-to-energy source at integrated solid waste treatment facilities of Jakarta Province, Indonesia

Energy crisis has prompted the Indonesian government to achieve a renewable energy share of 23% in 2025 by recovering landfilled waste as an energy source. This research aims to characterize and evaluate the potential of landfill-mined materials in Jakarta Province for waste-to-energy source. A minimum of 100 kg d⁻¹ mined material sample was collected from transport trucks for consecutive eight days during rainy and dry seasons in 2022, for composition analysis. Each sample was sifted into fine fraction (FF), medium fraction (MF), and coarse fraction (CF) of < 10 mm, 10–30 mm, and > 30 mm, respectively. Calorific value, moisture, volatile solids, ash, and fixed solids were determined using ASTM methods, while chlorine by APHA. Mined materials comprised FF 13.96–19.36%, MF 14.25–19.93%, and CF 66.11–66.39%. CF category most potential for refuse-derived fuel (RDF) with a calorific value 18.75–20.88 MJ kg⁻¹, moisture 54.72–58.13%, volatile solids 82.37–83.80%, ash 13.54–14.97%, fixed solids 2.65–2.66%, and chlorine 0.21–0.42%. These results met RDF quality standards, except for moisture content, which required drying before use. Heavy metals and chlorine presence in CF require concern due to their potential impact on the cement kiln process, cement quality, and environment. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].