Determination of a new gravimetric geoid modelling for Sudan using the least-squares collocation technique

The main purpose of this study is to compute a new gravimetric geoid model for Sudan by using the least-square collocation technique (LSC method) and applying the remove-compute-restore (RCR) technique. The computation of the model contains different datasets which are the gravity contribution of the model GO_CONS_GCF_2_TIM_R6e degree/order 300, BGI free-air gravity dataset in Sudan, GPS/levelling data, and high-resolution topographic information from ASTER digital elevation model. The “residual gravity anomalies” were run through the GEOCOL program using the GRAVSOFT software package, and the effects were restored to calculate the quasi-geoid surface (height anomalies). The gravimetric geoid was computed by adding the (N - ?_h) separation term to the quasi-geoid and was fitted to the GPS and levelling data provided by Sudan. The accuracy of our gravimetric geoid model SDN-LSC-G22 of the area of Sudan and some areas of bordering countries has been investigated by using geoid undulations computed from GPS and levelling data and by investigating the differences between the geoids of the GGM models which are EGM2008 and SGG-UGM-2. Our gravimetric geoid model (SDN-LSC-G22) has indicated an accuracy of 17.4 cm, in terms of a standard deviation compared with 66 GPS and Leveling data distributed in the area of Khartoum (most of these points are control points and benchmarks). Also, we evaluated our gravimetric geoid model by using 19 points distributed in the area of Sudan, and they indicated a standard deviation of 51.3 cm. The overall accuracy of SDN-LSC-G22 compared with the geoid undulation of all GPS and levelling has indicated an STD of 34.1 cm. The model SDN-LSC-G22 has shown better accuracy and significant differences compared with the GGM models EGM2008 and SGG-UGM-2 in terms of the differences with the available GPS and levelling data which have shown ~17 cm differences using (Abdalla, 2009) GPS and levelling data. It has demonstrated STD of ~17 cm differences by using 66 GPS and levelling data. Therefore, the model SDN-LSC-G22 provided better improvements and reliable geoid heights over Sudan compared to EGM2008 and SGG-UGM-2 gravity field models.