Development and performance evaluation of BRINpod: a sustainable breakwater armor unit

This study presents BRINpod, a newly developed single-layer, interlocking concrete armor unit designed to enhance the hydraulic stability and cost efficiency of breakwaters and revetments. Unlike the randomly placed BPPT-lock, the BRINpod features a uniform arrangement suitable for breakwater trunks. The study employs ANSYS software to conduct numerical simulations, complemented by physical model tests in BRIN's wave flume to assess the performance of BRINpods. Results indicated that integrating BRINpod with BPPT-lock reduces concrete consumption by 29.1% while maintaining structural integrity and stability. Structural testing confirmed the BRINpod's durability, including resistance to static and dynamic loads. Drop-test numerical simulation indicates that it remains undamaged when dropped from heights of up to 1.5 m, demonstrating its robustness during handling and installation. Hydraulic stability tests conducted under various wave conditions reveal that BRINpod effectively mitigates wave runup and reduces wave reflection, improving breakwater performance. The study also provides stability coefficients and packing density assessments, supporting the feasibility of BRINpod as an alternative to conventional armor units. While initial findings confirm its effectiveness, further research is recommended to refine stability coefficients under actual environmental conditions and optimize its application in different coastal scenarios. This research highlights BRINpod's potential for enhancing breakwater resilience while significantly reducing material costs, making it a promising innovation for sustainable coastal protection, particularly in Indonesia.