Distribution of PM2.5 Concentration during Eid al-Fitr in the COVID-19 Pandemic Period in Jakarta and Bogor using MERRA-2 Satellite Data.

Particulate Matter (PM2.5) refers to fine particles in the air with a diameter ≤ 2.5 micrometers, which can originate from various sources, including human activities during the Eid al-Fitr celebrations. The increase in vehicle mobility and household activities during this festive period may contribute to a rise in PM2.5 emissions. The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in December 2019, led to significant social restrictions, reducing mobility and economic activities, and consequently resulted in a decrease in PM2.5 emissions across various regions, including the Greater Jakarta area (Jabodetabek). This study aims to analyze the distribution of PM2.5 concentrations during Eid al-Fitr amid the pandemic and evaluate the impact of social restrictions on these concentrations. Secondary data from the Cibeureum Station, BMKG, and BPS were analyzed using descriptive approaches, linear regression, and spatial mapping techniques. Through multiple regression analysis, a correlation of 0.32-0.89 with an RMSE of 5.63-18.09 μg/m3 was obtained, showing improved results compared to the earlier formula (0.28-0.87; RMSE 5.43-20.47 μg/m3). Satellite-based distribution maps revealed that, prior to the pandemic, PM2.5 concentrations were relatively stable (6-10 μg/m3), significantly dropped during the pandemic (0-5 μg/m3), and sharply increased post-pandemic, especially during Eid al-Fitr, reaching as high as 36-50 μg/m3 in Bogor.