Halal Supply Chain Traceability and Food Safety Model Based on Blockchain Technology and the Internet of Things Using a System Dynamics Approach

This study aims to develop a system dynamics model for halal supply chain traceability and food safety based on Blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) technology. This approach addresses the lack of transparency, efficiency, and trust in the food supply chain. The model is constructed using primary and secondary data (primarily from Indonesia to facilitate the simulation process), simulated using Vensim PLE, and validated through behavioral, structural, extreme, and parameter tests. This study developed three scenarios: increased growth efficiency, increased investment, and increased farmer storage capacity. During the simulation period, blockchain and IoT implementation increased food availability for consumption by 5% and reduced fresh food inventory losses by 3%. The scenario of increasing farmer storage capacity showed a 10% increase in food availability and reduced fresh food inventory losses by 4% compared to the initial model. Thus, the proposed approach helps maximize food availability and reduce fresh food inventory losses more optimally.