Integration of AWEI and Otsu Threshold Algorithms for Maritime Boundary Delimitation: A Case Study of the Russia-Ukraine Conflict in the Sea of Azov

Since the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, Russia and Ukraine, newly independent, face complexities concerning the legal status and demarcation of the Sea of Azov. Spanning approximately 37,600 km² with a maximum depth of 14 meters, this sea holds pivotal resources such as fish, gas, and oil, serving as a significant dividing point between these nations. Maritime boundary delineation, often set at 12 nautical miles from the baseline, is complex due to the sea's intricate coastline and small islands. Some coastal areas have distances less than 24 nautical miles, causing boundary overlaps. Russia and Ukraine have cited UNCLOS Article 298, exempting UNCLOS dispute resolution for the Sea of Azov's demarcation. This study aims to assess the AWEI and Otsu thresholding algorithms' efficacy in defining the maritime boundary between Russia and Ukraine in the Sea of Azov, utilizing 'LANDSAT/LC08/C02/T1_L2' data. It also aims to comprehend the geopolitical and conflict resolution implications of delineating maritime boundaries aligned with UNCLOS 1982 for both countries and wider regions. The AWEI algorithm consistently maps coastlines, while Otsu thresholding facilitates automated image segmentation, yielding 117 base points covering 13,331 km² (Russia) and 21,749 km² (Ukraine) within the EEZ, based on equidistant and median base point analysis.