Malachite Green Adsorption Using Carbon-Based and Non-Conventional Adsorbent Made from Biowaste and Biomass: A Review

Dyes are pervasive contaminants in wastewater, posing significant health risks to both humans and animals. Among the various methods employed for effective dye removal, adsorption has emerged as a highly promising approach due to its notable advantages, including high efficiency, cost-effectiveness, low energy consumption, and operational simplicity compared to alternative treatments. This comprehensive review focuses on investigating adsorbents derived from biowastes and biomass, specifically carbon-based and non-conventional adsorbents, for the removal of malachite green, a widely used dye known for its toxic and carcinogenic properties. Car-bon-based adsorbents encompass two main types: activated carbon and biochar, while non-conventional adsor-bents refer to powder sorbents without carbonaceous treatments. Extensive studies have reported remarkable findings, with achieved maximum removal percentages exceeding 98% and capacities reaching 250 mg/g. These results highlight the exceptional efficacy of the reviewed adsorbents in eliminating malachite green from waste-water. By exploring the potential of bio-based adsorbents, this review sheds light on sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions for mitigating dye pollution.