Optimal Route Determination Automation System for Covid-19 Medical Waste Disposal Based on 3D Building Modeling

Urbanization is a contributing factor to global warming, as asphalt, concrete, and other light-absorbing materials replace vegetated areas, causing an increase in Land Surface Temperature (LST) and creating Surface Urban Heat Islands (SUHI). Although thermal satellite imagery has been a powerful tool in mapping LST and SUHI spatio-temporal changes, the number of studies in Africa, including Egypt, remains limited. Thus, in this research, an automated model was developed in ArcGIS and used to map LST and SUHI and detect Urban Hot Spots (UHS) in Alexandria city, Egypt, using Landsat 8 time series (2013 to 2021). The results revealed an increase of 41.31% in urban areas and a decrease of 49.51% in agricultural areas, a change that was demonstrated by a decline in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from 0.84 in 2013 to 0.53 in 2021. Correspondingly, LST and SUHI displayed an increasing pattern, with the highest recorded values observed in 2021. Thus, this study showed the negative impact of urbanization on Alexandria city’s temperature – a city that is already facing a climate catastrophe because of the sea level rise resulting from climate change. Furthermore, the developed estimation model can be similarly useful for climate change researchers and decision makers.