Optimization of Slow Sand Filtration for the Raw Municipal Wastewater Treatment by Using the Blood Cockle (Anadara granosa) Shell as an Alternative Filter Media through the Response Surface Methodology

Nurina Fitriani*, Ni’matuzahroh, Timothy Tjahja Nugraha O’Marga, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Febri Eko Wahyudianto, Muhammad Fauzul Imron, Dwi Ratri Mitha Isnadina, Eddy Setiadi Soedjono

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

4 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

This research aimed to investigate the optimum conditions of slow sand filter (SSF) media modification by using ground Anadara granosa shell waste and the effect of the ripening period on the total coliform (TC) removal efficiency. The response surface methodology with the central composite design was conducted with three factors, namely, seeding time (2–3 weeks), running time (0–20 days), type of SSF media (i.e., river sand, A. granosa shell, and their combination), as independent variables. The results showed that the ripening period factor interacted insignificantly by improving the TC removal efficiency due to short ripening time (p > 0.05). The optimum conditions of the SSF to achieve maximum TC removal efficiency (99.70 ± 21.50%) were as follows: combination media of river sand and ground A. granosa shell waste, 2.8 weeks (20 days) of ripening period, and 20 days of operation. In conclusion, the optimum operating parameters of the slow sand filter revealed that the combination of river sand and A. granosa shell as well as prolonged ripening and running times could increase the removal efficiency of TC. Hence, the A.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)100-111
Number of pages12
JournalJournal of Ecological Engineering
Volume23
Issue number6
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2022

Keywords

  • Domestic wastewater
  • Response surface methodology
  • Slow sand filter
  • Total coliform

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