Phytotoxicity test of cadmium and lead on Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) as first step in phytoremediation

Phytoremediation is a remediation process by using a plant to eliminate, accumulate, or absorb contaminated material by utilizing hyperaccumulator plants, such as sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). This method was chosen because it is eco-friendly, effective, low cost, and easy to be implemented. The aim of this study is to determine maximum concentration which Helianthus annuus L. can survive. This research was carried out for five weeks starting in August - September 2022 which began with preparation by seeding of sunflower seeds on garden soil, then continued with range finding test using variations of sunflowers and media composition. The contaminated soil was obtained from Tamangapa Landfill Makassar. The pH, temperature, and moisture of each variation media composition were also monitored. Based on the results, all variations of Helianthus annuus L. can survive without any apparent negative side effects in 100% contaminated soil media with cadmium and lead concentration at 2.233 mg/kg and 166 mg/kg, respectively.