Pluronic P123 modified MXene as an efficient adsorbent for aqueous dye Removal: Optimization using CCD-RSM

MXene, a novel 2D nanomaterial, exhibits hydrophilicity, conductivity, and electrochemical performance. However, spontaneous self-assembly and restacking of MXene nanosheets, driven by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces, can hinder their functional potential. To address this, MXene was processed with Pluronic P123 using a templating method to enhance its structure and methylene blue (MB) adsorption capacity. Structural characterization revealed significant changes in the modified Mxene. XRD analysis showed a shift in the (002) peak, suggesting increased interlayer spacing. TGA showed the decomposition of P123 above 240 °C. FESEM indicated a 2D thin-layered and compressed structure resembles a lamella. The modified Mxene demonstrated strong affinity for MB, with adsorption behavior accurately described by the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. A comprehensive investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of various parameters, such as contact time, initial MB concentration, pH, and adsorbent dosage, on adsorption efficiency. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) combined with Central Composite Design (CCD) optimization exposed that maximum MB removal of 99.8 % was achieved at pH 11, with an initial MB concentration of 10 mg/L, an adsorbent dosage of 15 mg, and a contact time of 36 min.