Retired Electric Vehicle Battery for Optimal Dynamic Economic Dispatch Against the Intermittent of Photovoltaic Power Output

Recently, electric vehicles (EVs) have surged in demand to reduce greenhouse gas emissions produced by gasoline cars. However, most EV batteries could not be utilized for traction purposes when they have reached 80% of their normal capacity. This has led to the waste disposal of EV batteries, which has caused ever increasing severe damages to the environment. To handle this issue, we propose the use of retired batteries from electric vehicles (REVB) for coping with the dynamic economic dispatch (DED) problem. In this study, the REVB was employed to reduce the impact of the intermittent output power of photovoltaic (PV). To examine the efficacy of the proposed technique, the IEEE 30 and 118 buses were utilized as a test system. The objective of this study was to minimize the fuel cost of thermal generation. The DED optimization problem was approached and solved by implementing General Algebraic Modelling System (GAMS) Software and quadratically-constrained programming (QCP) method based on CONOPT solver. From the simulation results, it was found that the application of REVB could minimize the fuel cost of thermal power generation for the DED problem including PV compared to other techniques provided in this paper. The REVB could reduce the total fuel cost by 10.78 % compared to the standard DED problem for IEEE 30 Bus. For IEEE 118 bus, the lowest best total fuel cost produced by REVB reached the amount of 11.75 % compared to conventional DED problem.