Solving a Bi-Objective Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem with Drones Using a Hybrid K-Means and NSGA-II Algorithm

Santoso Santoso; Nurhadi Siswanto; Budi Santosa; Budisantoso Wirjodirdjo

doi:10.1109/TEMSCON-ASPAC65329.2025.11512185

Solving a Bi-Objective Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem with Drones Using a Hybrid K-Means and NSGA-II Algorithm

Santoso Santoso^*
, Nurhadi Siswanto
, Budi Santosa
, Budisantoso Wirjodirdjo

^*Corresponding author for this work

Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Maranatha Christian Unviersity

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

Abstract

Recent technological advances and COVID-19 pandemic have shifted consumer behavior from direct shopping to online shopping. This shift has led to a significant increase in package delivery volumes, resulting in negative impacts such as higher CO₂ emissions in urban areas. The advancement of drone technology has introduced a promising alternative for last-mile delivery through a joint method involving both drones and trucks. This study addresses the two-echelon vehicle routing problem with drones (2E VRP-D), adopting a bi-objective approach: minimizing both the total arrival time of trucks at the depot and the CO₂ emissions produced. A metaheuristic approach is employed to handle large problem instances. Initial solutions are generated by clustering customers based on their locations using the k-means algorithm. Subsequently, the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) is applied to solve the bi-objective optimization problem, as no single solution can simultaneously optimize all objectives in such cases. The innovative use of truck-drone collaboration has the potential to significantly enhance the efficiency of last-mile delivery operations.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	TEMSCON-ASPAC 2025 - 4th IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Conference - Asia Pacific
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
ISBN (Electronic)	9798331538811
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMSCON-ASPAC65329.2025.11512185
Publication status	Published - 2025
Event	4th IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Conference - Asia Pacific, TEMSCON-ASPAC 2025 - Bangkok, Thailand Duration: 14 Sept 2025 → 16 Sept 2025

Publication series

Name	TEMSCON-ASPAC 2025 - 4th IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Conference - Asia Pacific

Conference

Conference	4th IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Conference - Asia Pacific, TEMSCON-ASPAC 2025
Country/Territory	Thailand
City	Bangkok
Period	14/09/25 → 16/09/25

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 12 Responsible Consumption and Production

Keywords

bi-objective
k-means
non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II)
two-echelon vehicle routing problem with drone (2E VRP-D)

Access to Document

10.1109/TEMSCON-ASPAC65329.2025.11512185

Cite this

Santoso, S., Siswanto, N., Santosa, B., & Wirjodirdjo, B. (2025). Solving a Bi-Objective Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem with Drones Using a Hybrid K-Means and NSGA-II Algorithm. In TEMSCON-ASPAC 2025 - 4th IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Conference - Asia Pacific (TEMSCON-ASPAC 2025 - 4th IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Conference - Asia Pacific). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMSCON-ASPAC65329.2025.11512185

Santoso, Santoso ; Siswanto, Nurhadi ; Santosa, Budi et al. / Solving a Bi-Objective Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem with Drones Using a Hybrid K-Means and NSGA-II Algorithm. TEMSCON-ASPAC 2025 - 4th IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Conference - Asia Pacific. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025. (TEMSCON-ASPAC 2025 - 4th IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Conference - Asia Pacific).

@inproceedings{e43f28ff6a2b41b08791803e99695c61,

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abstract = "Recent technological advances and COVID-19 pandemic have shifted consumer behavior from direct shopping to online shopping. This shift has led to a significant increase in package delivery volumes, resulting in negative impacts such as higher CO2 emissions in urban areas. The advancement of drone technology has introduced a promising alternative for last-mile delivery through a joint method involving both drones and trucks. This study addresses the two-echelon vehicle routing problem with drones (2E VRP-D), adopting a bi-objective approach: minimizing both the total arrival time of trucks at the depot and the CO2 emissions produced. A metaheuristic approach is employed to handle large problem instances. Initial solutions are generated by clustering customers based on their locations using the k-means algorithm. Subsequently, the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) is applied to solve the bi-objective optimization problem, as no single solution can simultaneously optimize all objectives in such cases. The innovative use of truck-drone collaboration has the potential to significantly enhance the efficiency of last-mile delivery operations.",

keywords = "bi-objective, k-means, non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II), two-echelon vehicle routing problem with drone (2E VRP-D)",

author = "Santoso Santoso and Nurhadi Siswanto and Budi Santosa and Budisantoso Wirjodirdjo",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2025 IEEE.; 4th IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Conference - Asia Pacific, TEMSCON-ASPAC 2025 ; Conference date: 14-09-2025 Through 16-09-2025",

year = "2025",

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language = "English",

series = "TEMSCON-ASPAC 2025 - 4th IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Conference - Asia Pacific",

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Santoso, S, Siswanto, N , Santosa, B & Wirjodirdjo, B 2025, Solving a Bi-Objective Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem with Drones Using a Hybrid K-Means and NSGA-II Algorithm. in TEMSCON-ASPAC 2025 - 4th IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Conference - Asia Pacific. TEMSCON-ASPAC 2025 - 4th IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Conference - Asia Pacific, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 4th IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Conference - Asia Pacific, TEMSCON-ASPAC 2025, Bangkok, Thailand, 14/09/25. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMSCON-ASPAC65329.2025.11512185

Solving a Bi-Objective Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem with Drones Using a Hybrid K-Means and NSGA-II Algorithm. / Santoso, Santoso; Siswanto, Nurhadi ; Santosa, Budi et al.
TEMSCON-ASPAC 2025 - 4th IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Conference - Asia Pacific. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025. (TEMSCON-ASPAC 2025 - 4th IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Conference - Asia Pacific).

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

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AU - Santoso, Santoso

AU - Siswanto, Nurhadi

AU - Santosa, Budi

AU - Wirjodirdjo, Budisantoso

PY - 2025

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N2 - Recent technological advances and COVID-19 pandemic have shifted consumer behavior from direct shopping to online shopping. This shift has led to a significant increase in package delivery volumes, resulting in negative impacts such as higher CO2 emissions in urban areas. The advancement of drone technology has introduced a promising alternative for last-mile delivery through a joint method involving both drones and trucks. This study addresses the two-echelon vehicle routing problem with drones (2E VRP-D), adopting a bi-objective approach: minimizing both the total arrival time of trucks at the depot and the CO2 emissions produced. A metaheuristic approach is employed to handle large problem instances. Initial solutions are generated by clustering customers based on their locations using the k-means algorithm. Subsequently, the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) is applied to solve the bi-objective optimization problem, as no single solution can simultaneously optimize all objectives in such cases. The innovative use of truck-drone collaboration has the potential to significantly enhance the efficiency of last-mile delivery operations.

AB - Recent technological advances and COVID-19 pandemic have shifted consumer behavior from direct shopping to online shopping. This shift has led to a significant increase in package delivery volumes, resulting in negative impacts such as higher CO2 emissions in urban areas. The advancement of drone technology has introduced a promising alternative for last-mile delivery through a joint method involving both drones and trucks. This study addresses the two-echelon vehicle routing problem with drones (2E VRP-D), adopting a bi-objective approach: minimizing both the total arrival time of trucks at the depot and the CO2 emissions produced. A metaheuristic approach is employed to handle large problem instances. Initial solutions are generated by clustering customers based on their locations using the k-means algorithm. Subsequently, the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) is applied to solve the bi-objective optimization problem, as no single solution can simultaneously optimize all objectives in such cases. The innovative use of truck-drone collaboration has the potential to significantly enhance the efficiency of last-mile delivery operations.

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KW - two-echelon vehicle routing problem with drone (2E VRP-D)

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M3 - Conference contribution

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BT - TEMSCON-ASPAC 2025 - 4th IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Conference - Asia Pacific

PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.

T2 - 4th IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Conference - Asia Pacific, TEMSCON-ASPAC 2025

Y2 - 14 September 2025 through 16 September 2025

ER -

Santoso S, Siswanto N , Santosa B, Wirjodirdjo B. Solving a Bi-Objective Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem with Drones Using a Hybrid K-Means and NSGA-II Algorithm. In TEMSCON-ASPAC 2025 - 4th IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Conference - Asia Pacific. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. 2025. (TEMSCON-ASPAC 2025 - 4th IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Conference - Asia Pacific). doi: 10.1109/TEMSCON-ASPAC65329.2025.11512185

Solving a Bi-Objective Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem with Drones Using a Hybrid K-Means and NSGA-II Algorithm

Abstract

Publication series

Conference

UN SDGs

Keywords

Access to Document

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