Technology-enabled transformation of mining safety culture in Indonesia: A multi-case study toward Safety 5.0 readiness

In high-risk sectors such as mining, traditional safety systems often fall short in anticipating complex, real-time hazards - especially in the context of digital transformation and increasing operational complexity. This study explores the development of an adaptive safety model based on Safety 5.0 principles, aiming to support the evolution of safety culture in Indonesian mining operations. Using a qualitative multiple case study approach, data was collected from four anonymized mining companies representing different commodities (gold, coal, and copper) and operational scales. Each case illustrates the deployment of smart safety technologies - ranging from real-time telematics and AI-driven fatigue monitoring to UAV-based terrain mapping and integrated risk dashboards. The findings show that while digital tools significantly improve both lagging and leading safety indicators, their true value emerges when integrated with organizational adaptivity, leadership commitment, and workforce engagement. The study proposes a conceptual model for adaptive safety culture in the Safety 5.0 era, emphasizing human-technology synergy, predictive risk intelligence, and feedback-based governance. This research contributes to the growing discourse on sociotechnical safety transformation, offering both theoretical insights and practical guidance for safety innovation in developing country mining contexts.