The Effect of Biofouling on Cement based Concrete Substrate: Insights from Microfouling and Macrofouling Growth

Biofouling poses a significant impact to the durability of offshore structures and vessels, yet its impact on cement-based concrete structures in marine environments remains underexplored. This study investigated biofouling growth on concrete substrates both microbial biofilms (microfouling) up to macrofouling and their effect on cement based concrete surface. The discussion is supported by a literature review to contextualize the findings. The type and growth of microorganisms forming biofilms and macrofouling are influenced by the specific marine environment, substrate characteristics, and immersion duration. These factors collectively impact concrete substrates by altering microbial community composition, biochemical activity, and mechanisms of attachment. The microfouling and macrofouling growth contribute to chemical degradation, surface roughness alteration, and the addition of weight. Such combined effects accelerate the biodeterioration and highlighting the critical need for effective mitigation strategies to enhance the durability. Protective approaches, including antifouling coatings, surface treatments, and advanced materials resistant to bioadhesion, are essential to prolong the lifespan and ensure the durability of marine concrete structures exposed to both biofilm formation and macrofouling.