TY - JOUR
T1 - Transesterification of croton megalocarpus oil to biodiesel over WO3 supported on silica mesoporous-macroparticles catalyst
AU - Aziz, M. A.A.
AU - Puad, K.
AU - Triwahyono, S.
AU - Jalil, A. A.
AU - Khayoon, M. S.
AU - Atabani, A. E.
AU - Ramli, Z.
AU - Majid, Z. A.
AU - Prasetyoko, D.
AU - Hartanto, D.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2017
Y1 - 2017
N2 - The transesterification of croton megalocarpus oil with methanol to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was carried out using WO3supported on silica mesoporous-macroparticles (WO3/SMP) as a heterogeneous acid catalyst. The silica mesoporous-macroparticles (SMP) and WO3/SMP were synthesized by sol-gel and impregnation method, respectively. The catalysts were characterized with XRD, FTIR, N2adsorption-desorption, SEM and TEM. The presence of WO3gave a negative effect on the crystallinity and surface area of the SMP as evidenced by XRD and N2adsorption-desorption studies, respectively. Pyridine adsorbed FTIR spectroscopy showed that the concentration of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites was dependent on the WO3loading on SMP. 2 wt% of WO3loading on SMP (2WO3/SMP) exhibited the highest intensity of Lewis acid sites which is vital in transesterification reaction. Under the optimum reaction condition determined through response surface methodology (RSM), 2 wt% WO3loading, 4.5 wt% catalyst amount, 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 45 min reaction time and 343 K reaction temperature yielded a 96% of biodiesel product. The highest catalytic activity of 2WO3/SMP may be attributed to the high Lewis acid sites content and the presence of both intra- and interparticle pores of the catalyst that facilitated and enhanced the transport of reactants and products during the reaction.
AB - The transesterification of croton megalocarpus oil with methanol to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was carried out using WO3supported on silica mesoporous-macroparticles (WO3/SMP) as a heterogeneous acid catalyst. The silica mesoporous-macroparticles (SMP) and WO3/SMP were synthesized by sol-gel and impregnation method, respectively. The catalysts were characterized with XRD, FTIR, N2adsorption-desorption, SEM and TEM. The presence of WO3gave a negative effect on the crystallinity and surface area of the SMP as evidenced by XRD and N2adsorption-desorption studies, respectively. Pyridine adsorbed FTIR spectroscopy showed that the concentration of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites was dependent on the WO3loading on SMP. 2 wt% of WO3loading on SMP (2WO3/SMP) exhibited the highest intensity of Lewis acid sites which is vital in transesterification reaction. Under the optimum reaction condition determined through response surface methodology (RSM), 2 wt% WO3loading, 4.5 wt% catalyst amount, 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 45 min reaction time and 343 K reaction temperature yielded a 96% of biodiesel product. The highest catalytic activity of 2WO3/SMP may be attributed to the high Lewis acid sites content and the presence of both intra- and interparticle pores of the catalyst that facilitated and enhanced the transport of reactants and products during the reaction.
KW - Croton megalocarpus oil
KW - Lewis acid sites
KW - Response surface methodology
KW - Silica mesoporous-macroparticles (SMP)
KW - Transesterification
KW - WOcatalyst
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85013202251&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.cej.2017.02.049
DO - 10.1016/j.cej.2017.02.049
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85013202251
SN - 1385-8947
VL - 316
SP - 882
EP - 892
JO - Chemical Engineering Journal
JF - Chemical Engineering Journal
ER -