Utilization of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Co-Firing Fuel with Water and Acid Washing Pretreatment

Hanafi Prida Putra; Oni Fariza; Fairuz Milkiy Kuswa; Hafizh Ghazidin; Suyatno Suyatno; Hariana Hariana

doi:10.1007/978-981-97-8197-3_15

Utilization of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Co-Firing Fuel with Water and Acid Washing Pretreatment

Hanafi Prida Putra
, Oni Fariza
, Fairuz Milkiy Kuswa
, Hafizh Ghazidin
, Suyatno Suyatno
, Hariana Hariana
, Prabowo^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Laboratory of Thermal Engineering and Energy System

Mechanical Engineering Department
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Research Center for Energy Conversion and Conservation
National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

1 Citation (Scopus)

Abstract

Empty fruit bunches (EFB) as co-firing fuel are rich in potassium oxide which may hinder its utilization. Water and acid washing has been reported effective in reducing the alkali content of solid fuel. In this study washing is carried out with different acetic acid concentrations, temperatures, and washing sequences. Theoretical indices and SiO₂-CaO-K₂O (SCK) are used to evaluate the effectiveness of washing process utilizing the ash composition of each sample. The results of this study show that acid-acid-acid–water washing with acetate acid concentration of 1 vol.% and temperature of 30°C is the most effective washing to reduce K₂O composition in ash while also lowering ash content. Water-water-water washing with temperature of 50°C is worth considering for non-acid washing. From the theoretical indices, it is predicted to have medium to high slagging risk and low fouling, while from SCK ternary diagram, it is predicted to have medium slagging tendency.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	Smart Innovation in Green and Sustainable Energy - Select Proceedings of ICOME 2023
Editors	Suwarno Suwarno, Triyogi Yuwono, Mohan Kolhe, Muhammad Aziz
Publisher	Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Pages	141-148
Number of pages	8
ISBN (Print)	9789819781966
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8197-3_15
Publication status	Published - 2025
Event	6th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, ICOME 2023 - Bali, Indonesia Duration: 30 Aug 2023 → 31 Aug 2023

Publication series

Name	Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering
Volume	1279
ISSN (Print)	1876-1100
ISSN (Electronic)	1876-1119

Conference

Conference	6th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, ICOME 2023
Country/Territory	Indonesia
City	Bali
Period	30/08/23 → 31/08/23

Keywords

Acid washing
Co-firing fuel
Empty fruit bunch
Slagging-Fouling prediction
Water washing

Access to Document

10.1007/978-981-97-8197-3_15

Cite this

Putra, H. P., Fariza, O., Kuswa, F. M., Ghazidin, H., Suyatno, S., Hariana, H., & Prabowo (2025). Utilization of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Co-Firing Fuel with Water and Acid Washing Pretreatment. In S. Suwarno, T. Yuwono, M. Kolhe, & M. Aziz (Eds.), Smart Innovation in Green and Sustainable Energy - Select Proceedings of ICOME 2023 (pp. 141-148). (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering; Vol. 1279). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8197-3_15

Putra, Hanafi Prida ; Fariza, Oni ; Kuswa, Fairuz Milkiy et al. / Utilization of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Co-Firing Fuel with Water and Acid Washing Pretreatment. Smart Innovation in Green and Sustainable Energy - Select Proceedings of ICOME 2023. editor / Suwarno Suwarno ; Triyogi Yuwono ; Mohan Kolhe ; Muhammad Aziz. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025. pp. 141-148 (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering).

@inproceedings{55f1ed8e2a3e416a8ec7e0ce366f34ef,

title = "Utilization of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Co-Firing Fuel with Water and Acid Washing Pretreatment",

abstract = "Empty fruit bunches (EFB) as co-firing fuel are rich in potassium oxide which may hinder its utilization. Water and acid washing has been reported effective in reducing the alkali content of solid fuel. In this study washing is carried out with different acetic acid concentrations, temperatures, and washing sequences. Theoretical indices and SiO2-CaO-K2O (SCK) are used to evaluate the effectiveness of washing process utilizing the ash composition of each sample. The results of this study show that acid-acid-acid{\textendash}water washing with acetate acid concentration of 1 vol.\% and temperature of 30°C is the most effective washing to reduce K2O composition in ash while also lowering ash content. Water-water-water washing with temperature of 50°C is worth considering for non-acid washing. From the theoretical indices, it is predicted to have medium to high slagging risk and low fouling, while from SCK ternary diagram, it is predicted to have medium slagging tendency.",

keywords = "Acid washing, Co-firing fuel, Empty fruit bunch, Slagging-Fouling prediction, Water washing",

author = "Putra, \{Hanafi Prida\} and Oni Fariza and Kuswa, \{Fairuz Milkiy\} and Hafizh Ghazidin and Suyatno Suyatno and Hariana Hariana and Prabowo",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.; 6th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, ICOME 2023 ; Conference date: 30-08-2023 Through 31-08-2023",

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doi = "10.1007/978-981-97-8197-3\_15",

language = "English",

isbn = "9789819781966",

series = "Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering",

publisher = "Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH",

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editor = "Suwarno Suwarno and Triyogi Yuwono and Mohan Kolhe and Muhammad Aziz",

booktitle = "Smart Innovation in Green and Sustainable Energy - Select Proceedings of ICOME 2023",

address = "Germany",

}

Putra, HP, Fariza, O, Kuswa, FM, Ghazidin, H, Suyatno, S, Hariana, H & Prabowo 2025, Utilization of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Co-Firing Fuel with Water and Acid Washing Pretreatment. in S Suwarno, T Yuwono, M Kolhe & M Aziz (eds), Smart Innovation in Green and Sustainable Energy - Select Proceedings of ICOME 2023. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol. 1279, Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, pp. 141-148, 6th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, ICOME 2023, Bali, Indonesia, 30/08/23. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8197-3_15

Utilization of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Co-Firing Fuel with Water and Acid Washing Pretreatment. / Putra, Hanafi Prida; Fariza, Oni; Kuswa, Fairuz Milkiy et al.
Smart Innovation in Green and Sustainable Energy - Select Proceedings of ICOME 2023. ed. / Suwarno Suwarno; Triyogi Yuwono; Mohan Kolhe; Muhammad Aziz. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025. p. 141-148 (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering; Vol. 1279).

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

TY - GEN

T1 - Utilization of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Co-Firing Fuel with Water and Acid Washing Pretreatment

AU - Putra, Hanafi Prida

AU - Fariza, Oni

AU - Kuswa, Fairuz Milkiy

AU - Ghazidin, Hafizh

AU - Suyatno, Suyatno

AU - Hariana, Hariana

AU - Prabowo,

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.

PY - 2025

Y1 - 2025

N2 - Empty fruit bunches (EFB) as co-firing fuel are rich in potassium oxide which may hinder its utilization. Water and acid washing has been reported effective in reducing the alkali content of solid fuel. In this study washing is carried out with different acetic acid concentrations, temperatures, and washing sequences. Theoretical indices and SiO2-CaO-K2O (SCK) are used to evaluate the effectiveness of washing process utilizing the ash composition of each sample. The results of this study show that acid-acid-acid–water washing with acetate acid concentration of 1 vol.% and temperature of 30°C is the most effective washing to reduce K2O composition in ash while also lowering ash content. Water-water-water washing with temperature of 50°C is worth considering for non-acid washing. From the theoretical indices, it is predicted to have medium to high slagging risk and low fouling, while from SCK ternary diagram, it is predicted to have medium slagging tendency.

AB - Empty fruit bunches (EFB) as co-firing fuel are rich in potassium oxide which may hinder its utilization. Water and acid washing has been reported effective in reducing the alkali content of solid fuel. In this study washing is carried out with different acetic acid concentrations, temperatures, and washing sequences. Theoretical indices and SiO2-CaO-K2O (SCK) are used to evaluate the effectiveness of washing process utilizing the ash composition of each sample. The results of this study show that acid-acid-acid–water washing with acetate acid concentration of 1 vol.% and temperature of 30°C is the most effective washing to reduce K2O composition in ash while also lowering ash content. Water-water-water washing with temperature of 50°C is worth considering for non-acid washing. From the theoretical indices, it is predicted to have medium to high slagging risk and low fouling, while from SCK ternary diagram, it is predicted to have medium slagging tendency.

KW - Acid washing

KW - Co-firing fuel

KW - Empty fruit bunch

KW - Slagging-Fouling prediction

KW - Water washing

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AN - SCOPUS:105007508346

SN - 9789819781966

T3 - Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

SP - 141

EP - 148

BT - Smart Innovation in Green and Sustainable Energy - Select Proceedings of ICOME 2023

A2 - Suwarno, Suwarno

A2 - Yuwono, Triyogi

A2 - Kolhe, Mohan

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PB - Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH

T2 - 6th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, ICOME 2023

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Putra HP, Fariza O, Kuswa FM, Ghazidin H, Suyatno S, Hariana H et al. Utilization of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Co-Firing Fuel with Water and Acid Washing Pretreatment. In Suwarno S, Yuwono T, Kolhe M, Aziz M, editors, Smart Innovation in Green and Sustainable Energy - Select Proceedings of ICOME 2023. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. 2025. p. 141-148. (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering). doi: 10.1007/978-981-97-8197-3_15

Utilization of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Co-Firing Fuel with Water and Acid Washing Pretreatment

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